#Hyphal knots primordia series#
#Hyphal knots primordia free#

2007), hyphal fusion (Glass, Jacobson and Shiu 2000), fruiting body development in basidiomycetous mushrooms (Kamada and Takemaru 1977a, b Kamada, Fujii and Takemaru 1980 Sakamoto, Irie and Sato 2005 Tao et al. Therefore, hydrolytic enzymes such as glucanases and chitinases have long been suggested to participate in the process of fungal spore germination (Mouyna, Hartl and Latge 2013), hyphal growth and branch emergence (Wessels 1993 Adams 2004 Sandini et al.

#Hyphal knots primordia free#

The central core of the fungal cell wall consists of chitin and β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan, in which chitin chains associate with each other through interchain hydrogen bonds to form chitin microfibrils and are covalently crosslinked to the nonreducing end of β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan through a β-1,4-glycoside linkage (Bowman and Free 2006 Latge 2007 Cabib and Arroyo 2013 Arroyo et al. The cell wall can not only protect the fungus from its own osmotic pressure, but also undergo extension to increase the cell surface under the strain of turgor pressure (Free 2013).

#Hyphal knots primordia series#

During a series of morphogenetic events in the life-cycle of basidiomycetes, the fungal cell wall is dynamic and must maintain plasticity and integrity to ensure the growth and morphogenesis of the cell (Bowman and Free 2006). After completion of meiosis, basidiospore formation and pileus opening occur, followed by the complete disintegration and liquefaction of the mature pileus with release of basidiospores (Kues 2000). The dikaryotic hyphae may form hyphal knots in the dark, and the subsequent light/dark regime induces the formation of fruiting body initials, and the initials develop to primordia then, meiosis takes place within the basidia, while stipe elongation and pileus maturation occur in parallel. The sexual life cycle of basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea begins with a basidiospore germinating to produce a monokaryotic hypha hyphae grow and branch, and aggregate to form a mycelium, and two monokaryotic hyphae fuse to initiate a dikaryotic hypha. cinerea.Ĭoprinopsis cinerea, glycoside hydrolase family 16, β-1,3-glucanase, transcriptional expression, cell wall, morphogenesis INTRODUCTION These extra subgroups of GH16 family members may function as those endo-β-1,3-glucanases belonging to other GH families in the development and growth of C. cinerea contains an extra three subgroups (A2, B and D) compared with A. cinerea genome, which was different from A. We did not find the members of the GH81 or GH55 family in C. In contrast, other members in subgroup A2, subgroup B or D were dominantly expressed in the germinating basidiospores, the growing mycelia, and the elongating stipes. cinerea were also predominantly expressed in dormant basidiospores, primordia and maturing pilei during basidiosporogenesis. Like orthologs of Aspergillus fumigatus GH16 glucanases (ENG2–5), which were expressed in the dormant conidia and conidiogenesis, and essential for segregation of conidia, some members such as ENG in the subgroup A1 in C. Remarkably, expression levels of different GH16 members varied with different morphogenetic events. The expression patterns match well with the requirement of wall-softening in the germination of basidiospores, hyphal growth and branching, primordium formation, stipe elongation, pileus expansion and autolysis. The glycoside hydrolase (GH) 16 family of Coprinopsis cinerea includes 15 members distributed in four subgroups (A1, A2, B and D) by phylogenetic analysis.